This report provides a systematic analysis of the principle of non-refoulement as an imperative legal barrier that blocks extradition where there is a real risk of torture, inhuman treatment, the death penalty, or persecution. The normative foundations of the principle are examined across three levels: international law (the 1951 Refugee Convention and the Convention against Torture), the ECHR system (the absolute prohibition under Article 3 and ECtHR case law), and European Union law (Article 19 of the EU Charter, Regulation 2024/1347, and Regulation 2024/1348). The report explores in detail the main categories of risk that preclude surrender: torture and inhuman treatment, the death penalty, flagrant denial of justice, and persecution on Convention grounds. Special attention is given to the critical assessment of diplomatic assurances, the role of individualized risk evaluation, and the construction of an integrated defense strategy that unites extradition, immigration, and human rights arguments into a single framework.
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